Saturday, July 27, 2024

On Forgetting (Robert Lynd)

 About the Author:

Robert Lynd (20 April 1879 – 6 October 1949) was an Irish writer, editor, urbane literary essayist, socialist and nationalist. He also worked as a university professor.  He started his writing career by writing for a journal using the pseudonym, Y.Y.

Introduction:

“Forgetting” written by Robert Lynd is an amusing, satirical, and simple essay. In this essay, Robert Lynd has pointed out various professions to highlight the most common nature of forgetting things. He mentions that the tendency of forgetting things is more common among young people rather than adults. In this essay, he also appreciates people who have good memory and explains how absent-mindedness is a virtue. He mentions poets, philosophers, and great thinkers to justify his philosophy on “forgetting”.

Power of Human Memory:

The essay begins with the list of articles which are lost by the travellers at a railway station in London and the people are astonished at the absent-mindedness of their fellows. Hence Lynd comments on the working of human memory which is always a wonder even for many scientists.

Lynd continues to hold his philosophy by stating that modern man remembers the telephone numbers, the addresses of his friends, the dates of good vintages, appointments for lunch and dinner, the names of actors, actresses, cricketers, footballers, and murderers, the weather in the long past August, and the name of the provincial hotel at which he had a vile meal during the summer.

Modern man remembers almost everything that he is expected to remember. He even remembers to wear every item of clothing while dressing in the morning, and to shut the front door while leaving the house.

He then talks about the advantages of a good memory and exemplifies by stating that many great writers, poets and music composers have fantastically great memories. Despite such brilliant memories, Robert Lynd points out some important matters regarding which the memory works with less than its usual perfection. Statesmen seem to have extraordinarily bad memories and so they fail to implement the reforms made during the election campaigns.

Forgetfulness:

Modern man forgets the most common things like – consuming medicines on the advised time, posting letters in a letter box, carrying his walking sticks, books, spectacles, umbrellas and many other essential goods and commodities. Robert Lynd himself is no exception to this habit as he often forgets his walking sticks, pens, and umbrellas.

Lynd sarcastically remarks that chemists earn lot of money because of the patient’s forgetting habits of consuming the medicines. This leads to their long treatment for their illness. As a result, the patients end up buying more and more medicines.

Lynd himself has forgetfulness like other men. He remarks that any person who asks him to post a letter, is of a poor character, because he never posts his letters despite keeping it in his pocket for many days.

Young Sportsmen & Others

Robert Lynd then targets the young sportsmen, who forgets their cricket bats and footballs before travelling. He calls them the citizens of dreamland as both the defeated party and the victorious party are lost in their imaginations. In the same way, he calls the Anglers as the citizens of dreamland as they also forget to take their fishing rods when they go home in the evening because their mind is filled with matter more glorious.

Absent-mindedness:

Robert Lynd suddenly starts appreciating Absent-mindedness of this kind and calls it a virtue. Forgetfulness has its own merits as it has the capability of making a man happy and enables him to accomplish the targeted goal. The moment of forgetfulness is a moment of great joy, and such a man lives in the world of imagination. So, one can conclude that it is forgetful which makes people create something authentic, new, and genuine.

Story on Forgetfulness:  

Robert Lynd then ends his essay by narrating a very amusing story of a father, who left his baby out in a perambulator outside in the street. After discovering her sleeping baby uncared and alone, the mother of the child decided to teach her husband a lesson and to apologize for his careless act. In order to make her husband frightened, she wheeled away the perambulator, expecting her husband to be filled with terror on finding his baby lost. But in contrast to her expectations, her husband came with a smiling face and asking for the lunch having forgotten all about the baby and the fact he had taken the lunch out with him.

Conclusion:

Thus, in this essay, Lynd humorously speaks on the advantages and disadvantages of ‘forgetfulness’ and ‘human memory’.

Monday, July 15, 2024

The Gift of the Magi (O. Henry)

 About the Author:

William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910), better known by his pen name O. Henry, was an American writer known primarily for his short stories, though he also wrote poetry and non-fiction. His works include "The Gift of the Magi", "The Duplicity of Hargraves", and "The Ransom of Red Chief", as well as the novel Cabbages and Kings. O. Henry’s stories are known for their naturalist observations, witty narration, and surprise endings.

Introduction:

“The Gift of the Magi”, a short story by O. Henry, was published in the New York Sunday World in 1905 and then collected in The Four Million (1906). The story concerns James and Della Dillingham Young, a young couple who, despite their poverty, individually resolve to give each other an elegant gift on Christmas Eve. Though the gifts have turned out to be ironic, yet they stand as an epitome of their love for each other.

The Gifts:

Jim and Della are a young couple who live in a rented cheap flat and struggle to make ends meet. They do not have valuable possessions except for his gold watch, which he got from his father and her long beautiful hair. The story develops on Christmas Eve as they both try to find the best presents for each other. Della has managed to save only $1.87, and the gift she wanted to give Jim is far more expensive, so she cuts her hair and sells it.

Della buys a chain for Jim’s gold watch for the money she gets. When Jim sees Della first, he looks perplexed, but the reason for his reaction is not her short haircut. It turns out that he has sold his watch to buy a set of exquisite combs for his wife. The gifts that they give each other are of no more use. Nevertheless, they are happy as they have sacrificed their most precious possessions for the love they have for each other.

Magi – Jim and Della:

The biblical magi or the three wise men visited baby Jesus at Bethlehem bearing gifts. Jim and Della are called magi because they have sacrificed their most prized possessions to give each other appropriate Christmas presents. By this, they had shown unselfish love for each other. 

Themes:

The theme such as “giving is pleasure” is found in the story. During the act of giving not only the giver but also the receiver gets happy. However, the main theme of “The Gift of the Magi” is love. Della and Jim love each other so they sacrifice their most prized possessions in order to give each other a Christmas gift. "The Gift of the Magi" expresses that love is more important than appearances. In this short story, each character gives up that which he or she most treasures. Jim gives up his watch, which makes him look important in front of others; Della gives up her hair, which makes her the envy of other women. The story of Della and Jim is also the manifestation of pure and generous love that is ready to sacrifice everything.

Conclusion:

O. Henry's “The Gift of the Magi” uses an ironic ending to argue that money and material possessions are fleeting while love is a greater and more important source of happiness. “The Gift of the Magi,” also demonstrates that love is the essential value in human life that helps to overcome struggles. The situational irony in this story comes from the story's climax, in which we discover that Jim has sold his pocket watch in order to buy hair combs for Della, but Della has sold her long hair to buy a watch chain for Jim. It is ironic that each person's sacrifice has rendered the other person's sacrifice pointless.

Far from the Madding Crowd (Thomas Hardy)

  About the Author:  Thomas Hardy  (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A Victorian realist in the tradition of...